<=
/p>
Radiology
SGOT (serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase)
=
Also called AST (aspart=
ic
acid transaminase) or OT =
SGPT (serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase)
=
Also called ALT (alanine transaminase) or PT
These tests reveal the levels of enzymes (transaminase) in the blood
serum. Serum is the clear fluid that remains after blood has clotted. Enzyme
levels are elevated when there is damage to liver cells because the enzymes
leak out of liver cells into the blood. A high SGPT (ALT) level is especial=
ly
indicative of liver disease.
Alkaline phosphatase: =
This is another enzyme=
test
done on serum. An increased level of alkaline phosphatase (alk
phos) is found in liver disease, cancers, and m=
any
other abnormal conditions.
<=
/p>
Serum bilirubin: High levels of bilirubin in the blood produce a jaundiced condition=
in
the patient. The test is known as the icterus index.
Stool Analyses
Stool culture: Feces are placed in a growth medium to test for microorganisms that=
are
in large numbers or abnormally presence.
Stool guaiac or Hemoccult test: Test to determine the presence of blood in the
feces and an important screening test for colon cancer. Guaiac (GWI-ak) is a chemical from the wood of tress. It is added=
to a
stool sample and reacts with occult blood.
CLINICAL PROCEDURES
![](3D"Radiology_files/image002.gif")
<=
/p>
X-RAY TESTS=
<=
/p>
Barium enema: Technician injects barium sulfate, a contrast medium (substance that
x-rays cannot penetrate) by enema into the rectum, and x-rays are taken of =
the
rectum and colon. This is also known as a lower
GI series. A barium swallow of a normal esophagus and barium swallow of=
an
esophagus with diverticulum.
Cholangiography: <=
span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","serif";mso-bidi-font-famil=
y:
Arial'>X-ray pictures of the bile vessels. In percutaneous transhepatic
cholangiography, contrast material is injected via a needle that is inserted
through the skin into the liver, and x-rays of bile vessels are taken.
CT (CAT) scan of the abdomen:=
computed tomography (computed axial tomography). A serried of x-ray
pictures are taken and processed by a computer to show a cross-sectional
(transverse) image of internal organs. Positioning of the machine gives
different cross-sectional pictures of the abdomen. Iodine-based dyes and ba=
rium
can be used to visualize blood vessels and the gastrointestinal tract.
Tomography (tom/o means to cut) means that a series of x-rays are taken to =
see
an organ in depth.
Endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): Contrast material
(via endoscope) is injected into the pancreatic and bile ducts while x-rays=
are
taken. The endoscope is passed through the mouth, esophagus, and stomach in=
to
the duodenum to where the common bile duct and pancreas enter. Retrograde mean=
s that
the dye is injected in a backward (retro-) direction to the normal flow of
substances. <=
/p>
ULTRASOUND<=
/b>
Abdominal ultrasonography: Sound waves are beamed into the abdomen. And a record is made of the
echoes as they bounce off the abdominal viscera.
RADIOACTIVE
Liver scan: Radioactive material is injected intravenously and taken up by the l=
iver
cells. An image of the liver (scintiscan) is made using a special scanner t=
hat
records intake of radioactive material by the liver cells.
OTHER PROCEDURES
<=
/p>
Gastrointestinal endoscopy: <=
/span>A flexible fiberoptic tube is placed through the mouth or anus to
visualize parts of the gastrointestinal tract. Examples:
esophagogastrodenoscopy, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, Proctoscopy. Patients =
with
a family history of gastrointestinal cancer should relate this information =
to
their gastroenterologist so that they receive the appropriate type of
endoscopy.
![](3D"Radiology_files/image004.gif")
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","serif";mso-bidi-font-famil=
y:
Arial'>
Liver biopsy: a needle is interested percutaneousaly i=
nto
the liver, and a sample of liver tissue is removed for microscopic examinat=
ion.
A local anesthetic is injected into the skin overlying the liver so that
insertion of the needle is relatively painless. The average sample is less =
than
1 inch long. This procedure is useful in diagnosis of cirrhosis, chronic
hepatitis, and cancerous tumors.
Nasogastri=
c intubation: A Nasogastric tube (NG tube) is passed t=
hrough
the nose into the stomach and upper region of the small intestine. The
procedure is used to remove fluid postoperatively and to obtain gastric or
intestinal contents for analysis.
Paracentes=
is (abdomi=
nocentesis):
Surgical puncture to remove fluid from the abdo=
men
(peritoneal cavity). This procedure is done to remove fluid from a patient =
with
ascites and for diagnostic purposes.
&nb=
sp;
------=_NextPart_01CAA072.051EA210
Content-Location: file:///C:/D927C959/Radiology_files/themedata.thmx
Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64
Content-Type: application/vnd.ms-officetheme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------=_NextPart_01CAA072.051EA210
Content-Location: file:///C:/D927C959/Radiology_files/colorschememapping.xml
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/xml