Gynecological and Breast
Uterus
Cervical carcinoma: malignant tumor of the cervix.
Cervicitis: inflammation of the cervix.
Endometrial carcinoma: Malignant tumor of the uterus (inner lining).
Endometriosis: Endometrial tissue is found in abnormal locations, including the ovaries, cul-de-sac, pelvic peritoneum, and small intestine.
Fibroids: Benign tumors in the uterus.
Ovaries
Ovarian carcinoma: Malignant tumor of the ovary (adenocarcinoma). It may be cystic (see below) or solid in consistency.
Ovarian cysts: Collection of fluid within a sac (cyst) in the ovary.
Fallopian tubes
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID): The leading causes of PID are gonorrhea and Chlamydia infection.
Breast
Carcinoma of the breast: Malignant tumor of the breast that arises from milk glands and ducts.
Fibrocystic changes in breast: Small sacs of tissue and fluid in the breast.
Pregnancy
Abruption placentae: Premature separation of the implanted placenta.
Choriocarcinoma: Malignant tumor of the pregnant uterus.
Ectopic pregnancy: Implantation of the fertilized egg in any site other than the normal uterine location.
Placenta previa: Placental implantation over the cervical opening or the lower region of the uterine wall.
Preeclampsia: A condition during pregnancy or shortly after, marked by high blood pressure, proteinuuria, and edema. If seizures occur, the condition is known as eclampsia or toxemia.
Neonatal
Down syndrome: Chromosomal abnormality that leads to mental retardation, Oriental appearance of the eyes, low-set ears, and generally dwarfed physique.
Erythroblastosis fetalis: Hemolytic disease in the newborn caused by a blood group (Rh factor) incompatibility between the mother and the fetus.
Hyaline membrane disease: Respiratory problem primarily in the premature neonate; lack of protein in the lining of the lung tissue causes collapse of the lungs.
Hydrocephalus: Accumulation of fluid in the spaces of the brain.
Kernicterus: High levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream of neonates, leading to brain damage and mental retardation.
Pyloric stenosis: Narrowing of the opening of the stomach to the duodenum (pyloric lumen).
Clinical Tests, Procedures, and Abbreviations
Clinical tests
Pap smear: The physician, after inserting vaginal speculum (instrument to hold apart the vaginal walls), uses a spatula and cytobrush to scrape the cervix. Microscopic analysis of the cell smear (spread on a glass slide) can detect the presence of cervical or vaginal carcinoma.
Pregnancy test: Blood or urine test to detect the presence of HCG.
Radiology Procedures
X-Ray
Hysterosalpingography: Contrast material is injected into the uterus and uterine tubes, and x-rays are taken.
Mammography: X-rays are taken of the breast. It is recommended that women have a baseline mammogram around the age of 50 for later comparisons if needed. Every 1 to 2 years a mammogram is recommended for women over the age of 50 to screen for breast cancer.
Ultrasound
Pelvic ultrasonography: A record of sound waves as they bounce off organs in the pelvic region. This technique can evaluate fetal size and maturity and fetal and placental position. Uterine tumors and other pelvic masses, including abscesses, can be diagnosed by ultrasonography. Transvaginal ultrasound is a new technique that allows the radiologist a closer, sharper look at normal and pathological structures within the pelvis. The sound probe is placed in the vagina instead of across the pelvis or abdomen.
Gynecological Procedures
Aspiration: Fluid withdrawn by suction from a cavity or sac with a needle. Aspiration biopsy is a valuable technique for the evaluation of a patient with breast disease.
Cauterization: Destruction of abnormal tissue with chemicals (silver nitrate) or an electrically heated instrument. It is used to treat cervical dysplasia or cervical erosion.
Colposcopy: Visual examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope (a lighted magnifying instrument resembling a small, mounted pair of binoculars). This procedure is more accurate than a pap smear, since it can identify the specific areas for accurate diagnosis.
Conization: Removal of a cone-shaped section of the cervix for biopsy (diagnosis). The cone is cut out with a cold knife or laser (a device that produces a very thin beam of light in which high energies are concentrated) so as not to distort the tissue for histological examination.
Cryosurgery: Use of cold temperatures to destroy tissue. The freezing temperature is produced by a probe containing liquid nitrogen. Also called cryocauterization.
Culdocentesis: Needle aspiration (through the vagina) of fluid from the cul-de-sac. Presence of blood may indicate ruptured ectopic pregnancy.
Dilation (dilatation) and curettage (D & C): Dilation (widening) of the cervical opening is accomplished by then performed using a curette (metal loop at the end of a long, thin handle) to remove the lining of the uterus.
Exenteration: Removal of internal organs. Pelvic excenteration is the removal of the uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes, vagina, bladder, rectum, and lymph nodes.
Laparoscopy: Visual examination of the abdominal cavity by making a small incision near a woman’s navel and introducing a laparoscope (thin tube containing a viewing instrument and light). The procedure is performed for diagnosis or for tubal ligation.
Tubal ligation: Blocking of the uterine tubes by during or cutting and tying them off. This sterilization (making an individual incapable of reproduction) technique involves making an small incision into the abdomen and inserting a laparoscope through which the instrument to block the tubes can be introduced.
Procedures During Pregnancy
Abortion: Premature termination of pregnancy before the embryo or fetus is able to exist on its own major methods for abortion are vaginal evacuation by D & C or vacuum aspiration (suction) and stimulation of uterine contractions by saline (salt). Injected into the amniotic cavity (second trimester).
Amniocentesis: Surgical puncture (transabdominal) of the amniotic sac to the fluid, are cultured (grown). And cytological and biochemical studies are made. 
Cesarean section: Removal of the fetus by abdominal incision into the uterus indications for cesarean section are cephalopelvic disproportion, hemorrhage from abruption placentae or placenta previa, fetal distress, and breech or shoulder presentation. The procedure was so named because it was included in the lex cesarea under Roman law in 70 BCE.
Fetal monitoring: Use of a machine to electronically record the infant’s heart rate during labor.
Pelvimetry: Measurement to the dimensions of the mother’s pelvis to determine its capacity to allow passage of the fetus through the birth canal. Usually this is a part of the prenatal examination, but it is also of vital importance during protracted labor or with breech presentation.
ABBREVIATIONS
AB: Abortion.
AFP: Alpha-fetoprotein; high levels in amniotic fluid of fetus or maternal serum indicate increased risk of neurological birth defects in the infant.
C-section: Cesarean section.
CIS: Carcinoma in situ.
CS: Cesarean section.
Cx: Cervix.
D & C: Dilation (dilatation) and curettage.
DES: Diethylstilbestrol; an estrogen compound used in the treatment of menopausal problems involving estrogen deficiency; if administered during pregnancy, it has been found to be related to subsequent tumors in the daughters (rarely in sons) of mothers so treated.
DUB: Dysfunctional uterine bleeding.
ECC: Endocervical curettage.
EMB: Endometrial biopsy.
ERT: Estrogen replacement therapy.
FHT: Fetal heart tones.
FSH: Follicle-stimulating hormone.
G: Gravida (pregnant).
GYN: Gynecology.
HCG; hCG: Human chronic gonadotropin.
HSG: Hysterosalpingography.
IUD: Intrauterine device; contraceptive.
LH: Luteinizing hormone.
LMP: Last menstrual period.
Multip: Multiparous.
OB: Obstetrics.
OCPs: Oral contraceptive pills.
Para 2-0-1-2: Woman’s reproductive history: 2 full-term infants, 0 preterm, 1 abortion, and 2 living children.
Pap smear: Papanicolaou smear (test for cervical or vaginal cancer).
Peds: Pediatrics.
PID: Pelvic inflammatory disease.
PMS: Premenstrual syndrome.
Primp: Primipara; primiparous.
TAH-BSO: Total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.
UC: Uterine contractions.